Accepting Rejection and Rejecting Acceptance Essay

Dreamers are most likely to be the kinds of people who are prone to rejections and disappointments. I was once a dreamer who aimed to reach for certain heights which I believed were essential to my so-called â€Å"fulfilled life†. When I was young, I was in love with stories as poets are obsessed with their muses. There was something sensuously tempting about the idea of creating a world where your personal ideals exists and the place you have always longed to belong with is just around the corner of your imagination. I create stories in my head with such a passionate gesture that I would place a pen and paper beside my pillow and even talk to my characters alone in my room. I enjoyed conversing with their silent responses and violent whispers which led to a gradual creation of plots and conflicts. They became my friends and literary partners who helped me out with the stories that I wish to tell. My room suddenly became a place where stories transpire and manifest themselves on typewritten manuscripts. Every time I take a look at my drafts, they seemed to show a particular eagerness to be shown out there in public. I could not help but smile and absorb the eagerness too. When I was 16 years old, I took all my guts to show my four of my friends a freshly-written manuscript and asked them to give it a quick scan. They were just my friends and not even a publisher but it had been one of the most thrilling and suspenseful time of my life. The next day, two of my friends told me that they were not really that happy with my work. They thought it was boring. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay The other two did not even dare finish it. My story obviously was not good enough. However, I never lost hope. I knew I had a great story to tell filled with remarkable characters that were destined to be perpetually remembered such as Harper Lee’s Atticus Finch and Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer. I knew there was something special about these people that I wish to free from my imagination and introduce to the real world. But I have failed them. I began to feel like a loser who pretended to be Superman by promising these creatures freedom from the clutches of a writer’s sporadic imagination. That depressing day gave me the realization that not only my work was rejected. It was the entirety of my ideal world that they have dismissed and discarded as something that was unacceptable and boring. I was a wreck. Suddenly, I began to despise the room which once seemed to provide me all the gladness in the world. Apparently, I have expected a lot from myself. I gave myself and these characters false hopes that one day we would be known for our uniqueness and greatness. Obviously, the world does not revolve that way. It rotates the other way around against the normal rotation of an insipid clock. Five years later, when I was trying to clean up my room, I visited my old box where my old manuscript was and started reading it after a very long time. I could not help but laugh about how amateur it had been at that time. The world that I have created in that story is absolutely not the world that I imagine to be ideal in the present time. The characters appeared to be some kids taken out directly from a teen flick. Rejection plays a brutally important role in a person’s development and growth. Without criticisms, one cannot experience the beautiful feeling of maturity. Truly, I have lost a great deal of positivism and childish enthusiasm when the first story that I dared to print for my friends received negative reviews. I have not printed and showed another story to someone for a long time after that incident. I have lost my personal communication with my characters. Meaning to say, they have stayed in their world as I have stayed in mine. That rejection made me realize that being too overly passionate about something is not healthy as it can ruin an aspect in your life that is essential. I could have gone mad if I have stayed drowned in my own pool of rejections. However, I finally came into realization that creating your own world by writing stories does not give you an assurance that other people are willing to share that world with you. Most of the time, you just have to keep that wonderful place hidden because it is your—and yours alone.

Social Profiling

Guadagni 1 Steven Guadagni English 100 September 16, 2012 Social Profiles Effects on Employment Time and time again, people are denied or terminated from jobs based on inappropriate material found on their social media profiles. In current years, the issue of hiring/firing based on information found on social media devices such as MySpace, Twitter, or Facebook has been a hot topic. Many people believe that these factors should be overlooked when it comes to employment based on the idea that it makes the employee prejudiced and a violator of personal boundaries.Although it may appear to be an act of discrimination, business owners should reserve the right to take any public information into consideration and employ people who they deem suitable to profit their business. Many people believe that boundaries should be drawn when it comes to hiring people based on what is displayed in their social profiles. In Agha â€Å"Bes† Zain’s article â€Å"Should Employers and Interv iewers Check Your Myspace, Facebook, Twitter and other Social Profiles? he argues that it’s easy for an employer or interviewer to not hire or fire someone based on something they saw on their social profiles. Zain says, â€Å"Employers can use social profiles to make biased, prejudiced decisions that are unfair and Guadagni 2 discriminatory. † He expands on his view, stating that what you do on your own time is your business and that some employers will hire or fire someone for their religious/political views or even their ethnicity.Even though it may not be legal, Zain’s statement that not hiring someone for their religious/political views or their ethnicity is bad because it can negatively affect business; I disagree with Zain that as an employee what you do on your own time is your own business and it shouldn’t affect your employer’s decision to hire or fire a person. Not hiring or firing someone for their religious/political views or their eth nicity which is disclosed on a social profile is comprehendible in certain situations. Unfortunately, in the world we live in, one’s argument hat people do have the right to hire who they want is understandable; if a prospective or current employee’s views conflict with their business relationship the owner has every right to not want to work with them. Another issue that arises in the argument is whether or not a person’s profile page should be screened in the hiring process. In Zain’s opinion, a person’s social networking shouldn’t affect an employee or a job candidate. Zain states that â€Å"Employers should only care about something that affects the workplace or the job at hand. The argument is understandable that what you do on your own time is your own business, but why would an employer hire someone who has a picture on Facebook of themselves smoking weed and partying? For example, if an employer had two people competing for a job an d they Guadagni 3 were both equally qualified, but the employer checked on Facebook and sees that one of the potential employees is smoking weed in a picture and the other potential employee doesn’t have anything on his Facebook, it is obvious that he would hire the one who was not smoking weed.Clearly an employer is going to want someone who does not participate in those kind of activities because they could potentially affect the workplace or the job at hand. Being able to check a little more background on potential employees should be acceptable for employers because it allows them to see which candidates are truly responsible and upstanding citizens. Everyone knows that employers will look at social profiles so one should be professional in their profile if they want to be taken seriously.For example, if a person is working for a big company and badmouths a product or employer on a blog or social media page then of course they are going to get fired. Specifically, if an e mployee working for a big baseball bat company like Louisville Slugger compromised the selling capacity of their new bat by publically posting that it is not effective, then they should be held accountable for their actions.Their statement could potentially affect the sale of the product and cost the company a lot of money so it is obvious that the employee should be fired. Employers should reserve the right to protect their company from people employees that feel it is acceptable to publically trash their product. I think employers and interviewers should be able to look at your social profiles. If you think something could potentially affect your business life then it should not be Guadagni 4 posted online.In some cases, a person’s religion, political views or ethnicity could affect business so it would make sense to not hire specific people in those cases. Employers and interviewers have every right to decide if they want to hire or fire a person based on what they saw on a social profile. Guadagni 5 Works Cited Zain, Agha â€Å"Bes†. â€Å"Should Employers and Interviewers Check Your MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, And Other Social Profiles? † August 25, 2009. http://thereasoner. com/articles/should-employers-employers-check-myspace-facebook-social-profiles

Superhero, a moral example

What images will come into your mind when you are thinking about Superhero? People usually image superheroes as men that with extraordinary powers. And they are secret identity that would like to protect other people from dangerous but never ask for reward. Superheroes are famous to people since Superman debuted in 1978. Today, millions of dollars has spent on Superhero movie in Hollywood because more and more people become a superhero fan to identify with the heroes, sharing not only their special powers, but also their adventure stories.In the Hollywood movies, a superhero usually is a white man with extraordinary powers and abilities that beyond normal human beings. Superheroes devote themselves to fighting crime or evil without expectation of reward. The superheroes usually consider as the moral code, however, different people hold different attitudes toward superheroes that some people do not agree that superheroes are moral examples. They believe that superheroes are a kind of selfless heroism but they have done so by their self-interest. And superheroes usually break laws in their actions which are against our society.Moreover, a lot of people seem to think that superheroes will use their super power to destroy our world in the future. Thus, superheroes cannot be considered as moral examples. Even though self-interest influences superheroes’ heroism, superheroes are moral examples because their actions are lead to be greater good than evil. People usually doubt about a superhero like superman is a kind of selfless heroism but he has done so by â€Å"acting in his own self-interest† (Waid, 10). Superman acts this because his natural instincts, so we can argue that superheroes do this because their self-interest make them like to do this.Loeb and Morris point out that, some people think about Superheroes and their actives that â€Å"they do it because they like to do it† (13). However, Waid point out that â€Å"in helping others, Supe rman helps himself. In helping himself, he helps others† (10). When helping other people, superheroes are helping themselves. They are using their power to help people and not doing evil thing, as long as they are doing good, their actions are lead to be greater good and nothing evil. The symbol of Superman gives American people a lot of hope.For example, during the Great Depression, America, the most powerful country in the world, was not as strong as before. Therefore, the Americans imaged that the Superman could come and lead them toward a new world. They respected Superman because they believed that Superman could help them regain the confidence and give them good expects for the future life. The symbol of Superman made them feel hopeful in such despair. In addition, during the Vietnam War, many young people such as â€Å"hippie† in the United States rebelled the society by having long hair, using drugs, embracing sexual revolution and so on ( Hippie).This was total ly against the value of the Americans. At that time, people are looking for a man to save these young people, but who could come and save them? The answer is Superman, the alien from other planet with extraordinary power. In the movie, Superman, Clark Kent, is a reporter working for the Daily Planet. However, he is completely different from the American young people at that time. He doesn’t smoke, lie, or cheat. And he is very different from Hippie. Superman has a kind heart; he is helping others who are in need. As a result, Superman sets a moral example for the American young people during the Vietnam War.And Americans believe the image of Superman is the good example for the young Americans, and Superman will stop young people from doing evil things and lead them to a healthy and positive life. Therefore Superheroes are famous to all Americans. It was obvious that Superheroes are such a kind of people that have super powers and abilities that different from normal people. And they are the person helping those people who cannot help themselves from evil, and make the evil end with greater good. Many people insist that superheroes such as batman are not the moral example.Batman breaks some of the laws when he is fighting against criminals which are against our society. It may be true that Batman is a law breaker, but it doesn't mean that Superheroes like batman are not moral examples for us. For example, Batman’s emotions forced him into his role. He felt that it was his duty to avenge his parents by fighting against every evil thing that he meets. He considers Gotham City, which he lives in, as a city with criminals around every corner. Batman takes great pleasure in cleaning up all evil criminal around the whole city.He never worried about whether it is against the law. Because Batman knows that when he breaks some of the laws, he is going to capture the real criminals who are acting against more important laws, and to protect the law-abiding citizens of the city from these real criminals. For Batman, â€Å"laws may be unjust, politicians may be corrupt, and the legal system may actually protect the wicked† (Skoble 32). But none of these will stop him from becoming crime-fighting vigilantes. He insists that â€Å"Evil must be punished† (Skoble 37). Therefore he will keep on cleaning up the evil in his city.It is natural to believe that Batman is a â€Å"dangerous† and â€Å"fascist reactionary† (Skoble 31), but we shouldn't ignore that he has always been â€Å"cautious† and â€Å"measured† (Skoble 33) when using his extraordinary powers. Moreover, Batman has consistently using his extraordinary powers when he is fighting against criminals only. Although the nature of Batman’s violence makes him break some of the laws, there is no evidence to suggest that it is wrong for Batman to fight crime and keep innocent people safe by using his extraordinary powers.In addition, Super heroes’ actions force us to rethink our roles in this world. The terrorism continues in our world, and there are crimes happen all over the world every day. We all need justice and peace, but most of us do not want to take our responsibility to protect our world, we just looking for ways to feel better about ourselves. By contract, Superheroes are fighting a never ending battle for truth, for justice, for peace. They keep playing their roles as everyone’s protector; they devote their lives to fighting crimes.Sometimes, we may think about the law and morality when we value what superheroes have do for us. We may find out that, superheroes may do something against law and consider not morality. However, superheroes keep playing their roles as everyone’s protector; they devote their lives to fighting crime that inspired many people to become masked â€Å"crime-fighters† (Skoble 34). It was obvious that superheroes force us to rethink our views about law and social order, and ask us to use them as a mirror to see ourselves more clearly that lead us to take our responsibility to protect our world.

How does Moslow's Hierachy of needs play a role in employee appraisel Essay

How does Moslow's Hierachy of needs play a role in employee appraisel - Essay Example When we talk about motivation, Maslow's "Hierarchy of Needs" comes forth as one of the more known theories that explain the roots of motivation. His provocative ideas about motivation, self-actualization and synergy have become the basis of some familiar concepts to many managers, management theorists and trainers. His humanistic approach to management has influenced fields as diverse as counseling, health care, education and marketing. Fact is that Maslow actuated a serious investigation as he delved deeper in the human psyche to study the roots of motivation. In his fervent and unrelenting investigations, he carefully studied human behavior and delineated five basic goals of that every human need. By level of importance, he identified the needs as physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. One could infer in this proposition that it is the task of each human being to achieve his or her own concept of self-actualization. Physiological - As humans are classified as living beings, physiological needs definitely are the most basic and of prime importance in the list of human needs Maslow enumerated. Physiological needs are necessary to maintain life, like hunger, thirst, sleep and many other human activities that involved the palpable human body itself. Safety - After physiological needs are met eventually, humans seek a sense of security from danger and deprivation, that's where safety needs come into picture. Love and Esteem - After physical needs are satisfied, humans as social beings desire companionship, camaraderie and the sense of belonging. Love and esteem are the emotional need that nourishes the human psyche in order for a person feel better about himself or herself. Self-Actualization - This describes the need for self-fulfillment, an urge of individuals to attain their dreams and goals in life for self-development, creativity and job satisfaction. Maslow steadily moved ahead from his peers upon formulating a new explanation of human nature. Its foundation was his radical theory of motivation, which has come to be known as the "Hierarchy of Needs". He passed up a great argument that people have needs for physiological, safety, belongingness, love, self-respect, self-esteem and what he called self-actualization-the desire to become all that a person can become in life. Maslow adds that if in the past lower level needs like physiological and safety needs are just the things the management rewards to its people to ensure protection and sustenance to his family, as society advances to contemporary times, in order for management to be effective they have to satisfy the higher needs too. In Maslow's articles published in 1942 and 1943, he summed up his theory as: It is quite true that man lives by bread alone-where there is no bread. But what happens to [our] desires when there [is] plenty of bread and when [our] belly is chronically filled At once, other and higher' needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate [us]. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new and still higher' needs emerge, and so on. This is what we mean by saying that basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy.... (Sheldrake, 1996 p. 353)

Evaluation essay of movie home alone Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of movie home alone - Essay Example The Christmas mood begins with background music that reflects Christmas songs. Viewers therefore get a belief that that is where most focus of the movie will lie. However, a great suspense develops early in the movie when Kevin’s parents leave for Paris without him. More characters appear in the film when the parents of Kevin leave for Paris. Close ups are used to introduce the characters while mid shots are employed during conversations. A selection of natural dress code shows a normal family image, for instance the appearance of the mother of Kevin in a long dress shows that she is an elderly mother. The suburb Chicago shows that Kevin is from a rich family and the lighting further emphasizes the festive season. The acting was well done. The main actors are Macaulay Culkin, who plays the role of eight-year boy called Kevin and two burglars, Daniel Stern and Joe Pesci. In addition, the actors mind their language. This has made the suitable for all family viewing. The movie commences with Kevin’s family giving an impression of them as the main characters with Kevin as the protagonist because he is an only child. Even so, the story develops quickly with Kevin as the main character and more characters appear. Culkin had many scenes to play, which he did well. His high level of confidence and self-esteem is also a contributing factor to success of the story. The woman playing the role of Kevin’s mother uses little makeup. For that reason, she appears more mature with a motherly figure. This is further emphasized by her dressing code. The story line of the movie is just amazing. There is a striking balance between religion, family life and just some stupid ideas that bring out the comic feel of the movie. The family life is clear at the beginning of the movie when Kevin and the parents chat happily. Towards the end of the movie, there is an expression of socialization. This happens when

The history of American technology Research Paper - 1

The history of American technology - Research Paper Example Some of the key brands that the company produces include Coke, Sprite, Coffee, Dazani, Coke Zero, Fanta and Sprite among others. Being headquartered in Atlanta US; the company operates in more than two hundred countries. One of the primary aspects that have made Coca-Cola Company to enjoy strong customer support is the use of effective methods of advertisement. John Pemberton was the pharmacist behind the invention of Coke brand back in 1886 and up to now the company still produces the same brands. Coca Cola is a brand that most of people prefer and have strong loyalty towards it. Due to its well organized market strategies and advertisements, the brand still survives and competes with other companies soft brands stiffly. The Coca-Cola Company always relies on extensive advertisement to market its brands thus making it to attain a competitive edge in the market. This paper seeks to discuss how advertising technology for Coca-Cola has evolved. Technology use in Coca Cola Company adver tisements Coca-Cola Company has high value of technology not only in its production process but also in its advertisement strategies. The company realizes that based on the extensive use of technology by its competitors including Pepsi and Starbucks among others, the company has to emulate extensive technology in order to remain competitive in the international market. The company constantly changes, rebrands, and advertises the products in order to keep sales consistently high (Dev and Don, 2005). Since the start of social networking and the ability to stay inline with internet marketing, Coca Cola Company has invested heavily in new technology so as to further their brand awareness campaigns. Greener bottles Coca Cola Company introduced the technology of greener bottles and packaging and it was able to produce almost 2.5 billion products using less petroleum. The technology was successful and other companies were attracted to it since it was not expensive. One of the companies tha t borrowed the idea was Heinz which was known for food processing. The production of 2.5 billions represented four percent of the Coca Cola packaging and this makes billions of Coca Cola products to be exported globally each year. Social networking Coca Cola Company maintains good appearance in social networking sites like face book and twitter, attracting over 35 millions people in social networking thus effectively spreading the its new brands in the international market. Coca Cola Company have been campaigning, inviting people to play games to win its products. Through the use of the social networking technology, the company products always enjoy the support of young consumers who are technology savvy. Online advertising Coca Cola Company uses effective online advertising and this makes consumers to feel like the product is the only company dealing with soft drink beverage in the market. The company uses extensive advertisements on its websites that means that coca cola has a gre ater control in the market and this make the product to be top in market. Evolution of coca cola company advertisement strategies Coca Cola is among the best known brands in the world today. Dated back in 1886, the company used to offer free drinks to the customers as mode of advertisement. For instance, the company used marketers like Asa Candler to advertise its products and the budget estimate was about $12,000. Asa

Phonetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Phonetics - Essay Example Tools is not a good gift sorry (word order) tools are not a good gift because it probably means that the guy have to work and his not working (um) unless he some sort of physicist or mechanic tools probably not a good gift. Opera tickets is not a good gift I don't guys like opera. Silver cuffling(k)s is romantic and is a good gift. A picture of her is again a good gift I think is romantic. Race car driving lessons is a good gift because guys love sports. A book from the best seller list is not a good gift because I don't think guys like reading that much. An electric razor is very unromantic and is not a good gift is also means that guys probably don't shave. White socks is not a good gift. A sweater is probably a good gift again shows that the women cares for the man. Once upon a time there was a man Mr. Smith everything seemed to be good in his life. But he was feeling loneliness and one day he realized the missing part of his life was a women. He took a brush and paint and he painted on his car "wanted;" a wife he put his address below. Several days later later he got letters and one of them was particularly exciting this was a letter from a lady who had a daughter, a son, and a dog. Mr. Smith called to the lady they met and they made serious relationships. Thus Mr. Smith removed the advertisement from his car. And finally Mr. Smith got married to the lady. Analysis of the speeches of Bis... It has been observed that they sound strange and even rude sometimes. It is a glaring problem that they cannot produce the correct sounds of many vowel-sounds especially the [I], [], []. For the consonants sounds, both have problems in producing the correct sound of th transcribe. It is observable that they prolong that instead of producing the retroflex [r] they produce the trilled [r]. Aside from the difficulty in the approximation of sounds, the two students have been diagnosed to be problematic in their intonation, assimilation of sounds, pitch, stressing, and rhythm. Dimitry for instance has so much unnecessary pauses. This lesson plan then shall be intended for them to be familiarized with the vowel sounds. It is prepared in such a manner that they will find the difference of pronouncing isolated words from the words in context. Drill will be given as it is the best way for them to learn and to master the skills. One Hour Lesson LESSON 1: THE VOWEL SOUNDS (should be read and pronounced by the teacher correctly with Dimitry and Bisun repeating after the teacher) [i] High tense front Extended unrounding of lips (smiling position) feelings "feelings, nothing more than feelings" keep "keep smiling, keep shining" believe "I won't ever leave as long as you believe" she "She's the girl I really want" need "I need your love" [I] Lower-High lax front Natural unrounding of the lips; slight opening of the mouth miss, kiss "Boy I miss your kisses" this, is "all the time what this is" minutes "25 minutes too late" still, hear "still I can hear the words" Monday, "You can kiss me on a Monday" [] Low tense front Natural unrounding of lips' low bunching of the

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Socrates - Essay Example listening to both sides of the argument rejects the study of language altogether declaring it shallow and shoddier than the study of things themselves. If we go into the details of this argument, Plato’s seems to argue that nothing significant can be known about a particular thing by examining its name Keller(2000,pp. 285-305) . The actual worth of a thing lies in itself which seems convincing to some extent. However, at the same time, it seems a bit irrational to assume that the words or names have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify .A same thing can be viewed differently by different individuals depending on his mind set. It certainly will not be wrong to say that it is all a matter of perception. For instance, the word ugly sounds ugly but it certainly does not signify the essence of the thing it is referring to and it sounds ugly only because it has been inculcated in our minds from the beginning of our lives thereby making Hermogenes’ argument stronge r Robinson(1956,pp. 325). Even the educational psychology reveals that it is not the verbal utterances but the behavioral patterns that have a deep impact on a person’s mind. Socrates argument, on one hand, sounds convincing but on the other hand, the importance of language cannot be denied altogether and I firmly believe that the two of them go hand in hand. It is indeed more important to go into the depth of the thing itself in order to study it extensively, however, language is an essential medium to give one’s thoughts a voice with interesting corollary which basically is the most significant attribute of mankind and giving them equal importance sounds a lot better than the Socrates’ argument of rejecting the language altogether. Hence, it can be said that the name of a thing may not be as important as the thing itself but a thing without any apparent identity of its own makes it hard to describe. In fact, the plot of the argument shows a contrast between wh at Socrates is defending in

Assesment of Wal-Mart's international expansion strategy Essay

Assesment of Wal-Mart's international expansion strategy - Essay Example These locations where Wal-Mart has a well-established or newly-established presence were the product of joint ventures, foreign direct investment for wholly-owned Wal-Mart cash and carry stores, and through intense acquisition strategies. Wal-Mart in China Wal-Mart chose an export-led growth strategy in China as well as foreign direct investment for wholly-owned Wal-Mart stores. One of the main reasons for selecting this particular entry strategy is the difference in currency value between the Yuan and the U.S. Dollar, especially at the time of market entry in the 1990s before China became its current industrialized entity. Chinese domestic firms, additionally, have significant credit restraints for business development that restricts international trade activities (Manova, Wei and Zhang 2010). Limited credit availability gives Wal-Mart a significant advantage as it can procure capital from its domestic operational environment (i.e. The United States) to perform expansion, improve op erations, and also ensure better procurement of international goods for sale in China. Limited credit availability in China gives Wal-Mart a significant competitive advantage as research data shows that exporting or foreign-owned businesses perform better than domestic Chinese firms (Manova, et al). Having access to more capital and credit gives Wal-Mart the ability to set lower prices as a means to outperform domestic firms operating in the same sales industry as Wal-Mart in China. Further, Chinese consumers are extremely price sensitive and a recent survey indicated that Chinese consumers consider pricing above all other factors when buying merchandise (Suessmuth-Dyckerhoff, Hexter and St-Maurice 2008). Chinese consumer willingness to defect to another brand is significant when prices rise by a mere five percent (Suessmuth-Dyckerhoff, et al). Wal-Mart is a well-established promotional leader in the United States and other Westernized countries, thus it has an immediate advantage i n talent expertise upon entry into a foreign market. Coupled with price-sensitive buyers, Wal-Mart can simply transfer its existing everyday-low-price model directly in the new region without significant costs of redesigning organisational structure or service delivery design. Long-run operational cost reduction is the methodology for entering China under direct investment in wholly-owned businesses due to environmental and social conditions in this country. Additionally, Chinese consumers learn a great deal about Western culture through media exposure and their personal travels which has led to a great demand for Western brands (Emmons 2002). This determined the export-led strategy for taking domestic product and flooding it into the Chinese market based on social demographic characteristics of the Chinese consumer. The high Chinese demand for U.S.-produced products is also supported by a vast global infrastructure for procurement needs, thus satisfying budget related to the supply chain. Furthermore, the political environment in China is growing ever-more favourable for foreign direct investment, such as reducing the tariff rates associated with foreign exports (Carbaugh 2009). Governmental restrictions and supplemental

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Homeland Security - Essay Example An evaluation of Department of Homeland Security demonstrates that in spite of its shortcomings, it is the best hope for protecting Americans from terrorists. Consequently, it is necessary to enhance its effectiveness and address the challenges that limit organizational efficiency. The Patriot Act was passed in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center (The Department of Justice, 2015). The widespread support for this tool was demonstrated by the huge bipartisan support. The Senate passed it 98-1 while the House voted 357-66 to approve its passage (The Department of Justice, 2015). The Act gave the Department of Homeland Security new tools to detect and neutralize terrorism threats facing the country. The tool allowed the Department of Homeland security to enhance the effectiveness of its existing tools by giving it more surveillance powers and making it possible to access business records without tipping the suspects (The Department of Justice, 2015). In addition, it made it possible for different security agencies to coordinate effectively. The approach enabled them to connect the dots to result in improved security outcomes. It is noted that the Act updated the law for it to be consistent with new technologies and emerging threats. It is also evident that the Act increased the penalties for the individuals and organizations that engage in terrorist activities. The Act also exudes varied controversies because many people believe that since it was passed forty-five days after the terrorist attack, it was not subjected to intense scrutiny (Diamond, 2015). The security agencies have also abused the Act to create a surveillance state. Interestingly, the increased surveillance led to the collection of colossal amounts of data that made it difficult for the security agencies to find valuable patterns. The revelations by a NSA analyst, Edward Snowden raised concerns about its

Khaled Mashal; The Hamas Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Khaled Mashal; The Hamas Leader - Essay Example The domestic or local basis of power for Khaled Mashal is the people who support the establishment of the Palestine state and containment of Israel as per the pre-1967 border. Khaled Mashal is one of the most powerful leaders in the organization. Also, most of the middle-East countries support his cause and methods except Jordan that challenges his policies. The main adversaries of Khaled Mashal are the Israeli  leadership,  including the Prime Minister  Benjamin  Netanyahu,  who ordered his assassination in 1997.   Although the US primarily wants peace in the region, still the US is  wary  about dealing with Khaled  Mashal,  whom they consider as an extremist. Nonetheless, they are willing to negotiate with him as he is one  of the influential  leaders. The political negotiations however are not progressing smoothly for Khaled Mashal, as Israel is adamant about its position.   The international power base of Khaled Mashal is completely dependent on the support of various Middle Eastern countries. If there is some change in political opinions of these countries, it may put pressure on Khaled Mashal. Although, Khaled Mashal is cautious about the intentions of the European Union or US, as they may cause hindrance to his policies by  pressuring  Iran or  Saudi Arabia,  the main supporters. As per Khaled  Mashal,  he supports the border lines of pre-1967 between Israel, Gaza and West Bank. In addition to that, he wants a substantial amount of administrative right over the city of Jerusalem for complete peace.   Khaled  Mashal  supports the  establishment of Palestine as the sovereign  state, including all political  rights,  including the control over air space and coastlines, so that they are not dependent on Israel for issues related to logistics, transport and travel.  Khaled Mashal is not completely in favour of demilitarization of Palestine as he supports armed resistance as a part of Palestinian resistance. He rejects the suggestion of Israeli presence at

Ethics and Financial Services Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Financial Services Essay Question A1 Outline the frauds identified in the case and explain the inconsistencies with proper accounting treatment. Relate your answer to broad accounting concepts and accounting standards where relevant. (8 marks; approximately 800 words) Answer: Livent Inc. is a theatre production corporation registered in Toronto, Canada. Therefore, all the accounting behaviours were subject to the General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) of Canada. In a broad sense, the GAAP imposes four main constraints on the accounting behaviours of companies – objectivity, materiality, consistency and conservatism. In the case of Livent Inc., there are several behaviours that was inconsistent with the proper accounting regulations in general. Large kickback scheme At the very beginning of the entire fraud by Livent, the two executives, Drabinsky and Gottlieb, fabricated transactions that did not exist at all, in order to transfer the revenue of the company secretly to their own pockets. They made the fake transaction on their balance sheet by colluding with their vendors. Drabinsky and Gottlieb received the money from vendors and asked them to fabricate evidences of charging fees. Manipulation of accounting records The kickback scheme sacrificed the net profit of the company, and as a result, Drabinsky and Gottlieb started manipulating the records. There were evidence from later investigation that Livent was exaggerating its revenue from the box office to show that it kept good income statement with good  profit. Also, they asked the accountants at Livent to modify the financial statements to hide the potential financial problems Livent had and to exhibit good operating performance to attract more investment. Drabinsky even used special software to manipulate the financial statements to make them as if they were the original record and hard to be detected. Keeping the fraud as secret to auditors With the help of the special software, Livent Inc. was able to keep two records of their financial performances, the phony one and the real one. And the outside auditors did auditing of Livent based on the phony financial records Livent provided. Therefore, the Deloitte, Livent’s outside auditing company, could hardly see signs of fraud during annual auditing. Significantly, the fraud of Livent Inc. broke the accounting principle of objectivity, which is also the primary standards companies should stick to. The objectivity principle basically requires that all kinds of financial statements the companies offer should be based on the facts. That is to say, every transaction and item recorded in the financial statements should be supported by unbiased and objective information. Under no circumstances are the managers, shareholders and accountants allowed to fabricate or distort any accounting reports and materials of the company. However, what Drabinsky and Gottlieb did at Livent went against the accounting standards. The fact that the two partners urged the internal accountants to modify the seasonal expenses and liability is definitely away from the proper professional behaviours. Livent benefited from manipulating its performance with additional investment and bank loans, which boosted aggressive expanding plans of Livent. It is even intolerable that the company invented the special software, which allowed unlimited arbitrary modification of all the accounting records of the company. This made the fraud much easier and less likely to be discovered because it enabled the manipulation looked as if they were the original data. Elrod and Gorhum (2010) made quantitative research on the way of detecting fraud by examine the extent to which the cash flow from operation and the earnings from continuing operations are correlated. Livent Inc. forced the accounting staff in the company to comply with the fraud behaviour without any doubt. The executives showed a â€Å"matter-of-fact† attitude toward the fraud. The accountants, independent auditors were not working independently and objectively as required by GAAP. On the contrary, they have been coerced or instructed to make fake accounting records, and did not show cooperation with the independent outside auditors. GAAP intends to ensure auditor independence. But Messina used her previous influence at Deloitte to disturb the independency of Deloitte auditors in examining the financial performance of Livent. The objectivity principle additionally restricts unreliable reports, materials and sheets offered to the auditors for annual auditing. Under the current accounting principles and standards in Canada and the United State, the auditors are responsible only for ensuring the preparation of all the accounting documents of the company align with the GAAP. But the outside auditors do not have access to the detailed daily record of the company. Therefore, the annual auditing is unable to prevent managerial collusion if the company provides counterfeit accounting materials. Livent was giving the fake balance sheet, income statement and other reports to Deloitte, which is not allowed by the accounting standards to a broad extent. Some companies correct their cheating behaviour when the situation improves, which makes it even harder to be detected. Nonetheless, such behaviours done by Livent are inconsistent with the standard professional ethics and regulations. Moreover, the aggressive developing strategy Livent had taken also violated the conservatism principle that the GAAP requires. This principle asks the accountants to exclude the uncertain income or revenue, while include the possible losses and risks in the financial statement. The conservative accounting behaviors are necessary because they can effectively prevent the shareholders and investors from potential losses. But in this case, Drabinsky is in such a haste to pursue aggressive development of the company, and obviously was exaggerating its revenue as well as concealing its losses. Question A2 Describe the corporate ethical culture at Livent Inc. How did this culture affect employee behaviour? Explain and justify your answer. (12 marks; approximately 1,200 words) Answer: Several researches supported the argument that the corporate ethical culture had large influences on the behaviours of the employees and their ethical judgements. The company does not have to have a specific code of ethics for the employees to constraint their ethical behaviours. The corporate environment in itself is enough for influencing the ethical behaviours inside the company. Nwachukwu and Vitell (1997)’s research found that the ethical culture in corporate has certain impact on the moral conviction of the employees upon what is right and wrong. Fraudulent behaviour was a very significant issue in the development of companies. It was because that it had tremendous impacts on the corporate, the employees as well as the public. Also, the difficulties in preventing such behaviours were to define, prevent and detect it. Schwartz (2013) made research and emphasized the three key factors in maintain an ethical corporate culture in the company. They are the set of ethical beliefs or values throughout the company, establishing â€Å"formal ethics program† and the ethical leadership throughout the development of the company. However, in the case of Livent’s fraud, all the three factors were lack in the system of the company. They had no clear ethical values, as the self-regulation mechanism, set and administrated inside the company to constraint the behaviours of not only the employees, but the senior executives as well. The unethical culture set by the top executives had not only influenced, but also forced all the staff, especially the accountants, to cooperate and to help conceal the fraud from being detected by the outsiders. This caused the company running under a set of very unethical corporate culture. It seemed to be routine to manipulate the financial records in Livent Inc. for quite a long time. As early as the year of 1990, Drabinsky, together with his best partner Gottlieb, began the kickback scheme to illegally create fake transactions to transfer money from the company to their own pockets. Then later Dranbinsky and Gottlieb had to tell even bigger lies and got more people involved in in order to make up for the expense losses from the kickback plan. The company lacked ethical leadership from the very beginning. To make the financial performance of Livent look promising,  Drabinsky and Gottlieb meddled in the daily accounting records as well as the preparation of the annual financial statements that were handed in and were examined by the auditing company, Deloitte. The executives and the senior level staff were not establishing positive example inside the company so as to maintain a positive ethical corporate culture. What’s even worse, they acted as the leading role in such fraudulent behaviours and arbitrarily got the other employees into the serious fraud scheme. Drabinsky and Gottlieb shouted at and coerced the staff and even the senior level managers to fulfil their ambition. They developed a specific computer software inside the company’s accounting system, so that they were able to take control of the financial status of the company. They could adjust any amount and transaction records in the system to make the quarterly, semi-annually and annually report of financial performance of Livent look promising to invest in. Even worse, by applying the software, Livent was able to cheat on the accounting records as if they were the raw figures, and avoid being discovered. It had also facilitated the fraudulent behaviours and motivated the employees and the executives to fraud continuously. Another serious issue inside Livent, besides the manipulation of the accounting records and financial statements, is the overwhelming attitude of viewing fraud as a matter of fact among executives as well as the employees. Even if some of the accounting staff including Messina and Webster questioned the unethical behaviours they got involved in, they were influenced by the overall environment and paid no attention to the fraudulent behaviours in Livent. They took for granted that what they did was to follow the instructions of the executives so as not to get fired. The employees would see Drabinsky shouting and bullying the accountants and even the senior level staff in the company if they had any different opinions against him. This was in fact establishing bad example for the employees and was to warn the other staff to just accept the deviant behaviours as a matter of fact. For a long time, employees were aware of the fraud happening, but were unwilling to avoid it. Llopis et al. (2007) argued that â€Å"effective communication is essential for the ethical message to be properly assimilated†. However, in Livent, the top two executives, Drabinsky and Gottlieb, were much too autocratic in the way of managing the company. There  were barely any information about the ethical culture passed to the employees, and the staff had little freedom to do their job but to listen to Drabinsky’s instructions. Last but not least, Livent Inc. lacked proper self-regulation mechanism to prevent the non-ethical behaviours. More often than not, self-regulation are considered as the last prevention of bad corporate ethical culture. Schwartz (2013) pointed out that the set of ethical value of the company was critical for making ethical decisions. Real self-regulation should not be independent of the public interest. Instead, the behaviours under self-regulation should be compatible with the social values and principles. In addition, as the ethical value of the company should not be arbitrarily decided by the executives or a few people in the company; instead the set of ethical value should gain the consent of the majority of the employees (Llopis et al. 2007). Yet, what the set of value acquiesced by the employees in Livent went against the public’s interest, and thus led to the unethical corporate culture overall. Formally, inside Livent, they did not have complete ethical programs including regulations on the professional operation of each position to prevent fraud. The ethical value of the company should be clearly stated in the policies and regulations, or even set incentive mechanism to encourage the employees to follow and to form good habits. In conclusion, there were three factors causing the unethical corporate culture inside Livent. The first is the long-standing fraudulent behaviours from the top executives, which were then passed down to the employees of lower levels arbitrarily. Second element of the unethical culture was the attitude of taking committing fraud as a matter of fact, and thus no one in the company were willing to discourage it. Finally, the lack of internal ethical corporate regulations or values established throughout the company accelerated the forming of unethical corporate culture. Working under such environment, the employees got involved in the fraudulent behaviours willingly or unwillingly forced by their boss. Moreover, their original ethical judgement became vague as they got used to the prevalent fraudulent working culture after a long time. They loss the sense of justice to judge the right and the wrong things. They might even rationalize what they had  done to be just and necessary. PART B Question B1 Why do you think Maria Messina become complicit in the fraud(s)? Explain your answer using the fraud triangle. (15 marks; approximately 1,500 words) Answer: The fraud originally started with the large kickback scheme by Drabinsky and Gottlieb, and finally Maria Messina, as the chief financial officer of Livent, got involved and helped in the huge fraud. Messina’s motivation to become complicit in the fraud can be explained by the theory of fraud triangle, which reveals much of the psychology of committing a fraud. The three key factors in the fraud triangle, considered as prerequisites of fraudulent behaviours, are the pressure, the opportunity and the rationalisation of doing it. Pressure The pressure of committing the fraud, according to the theory of fraud triangle, is more often than not â€Å"non-shareable† (Dellaportas 2013). The type of pressure may be related to financial issues, or may come from the job and working atmosphere. Dellaportas (2013) pointed out that the evil ideas can also be the source of pressure that causes fraud. People in Livent who joined in the fraud had different reasons of incentive to do illegal things as they had different kind of pressure. For example, for the two executives, Drabinsky and Gottlieb, they shared financial pressure. At first, their greed for money stimulated them to design the large kickback plan to secretly transfer money from the company to their own pockets. And later, just as Brenna and McGrath (2007) described in the paper, the executives had the motivation to fraud to keep the company at good performance so that they could gain high bonus as well as keep continuous outside investment for the company. But the motivation and pressure for Messina was a little different. Although as CFO of Livent, her bonus was linked with the performance of the company, the evidences in the  case and in the trial were insufficient to decide whether her fraudulent behaviour was directly motivated by financial pressure. However, it is clear that she was forced to involve in the fraud, like many other accountants at Livent, because of the coercion of Drabinsky and Gottlieb. Messina testified that the executives including Drabinsky would shout at the accountants and force them to cooperate in work. She worked under the pressure of the executives in the company. Messina would be at the risk of losing her job if she did not follow the instruction of Drabinsky. The financial situation was negative long before Messina joined Livent, meaning the fraud had already started before Messina was able to stop it. Taking over the responsibility of managing the financial performance of the company, she was faced with the situation out of her control. The environment of fraud and routine to manipulate the financial records had long been formed. The frequent use of software that enabled Drabinsky to easily manipulate the financial records and financial statements as much as he wanted was a common behaviour in Livent, acquiesced by everyone in the company. Under the threat of Drabinsky, Messina thus had no choice but to try her best to manage the fraud from being detected, making herself really exhausted by the daily work. The pressure Messina faced as the chief financial officer was unable to share with other colleagues and she was forced by the financial pressures to involve in the fraud. She could feel the threats from Drabinsky and the already very troublesome financial situation. And she could perceive that her subordinates and other staff in Livent were suffering the bully and coercion from their executives as well. Opportunity The factor of opportunity in the fraud triangle refers to the ability to commit the fraud and in the situations like the one in the case, such opportunity mainly results from having specific professional skills or knowledge. That is to say, the person was able to manipulate skilfully and knew how to avoid being discovered by his supervisors or regulations. In addition, the trust that the person is able to accomplish the job in accord  with laws also contributes to the opportunity. The trust existing in the relationship between the supervisor and the employees may contribute to getting authorized without careful screening. The trust caused the space of opportunity to fraud expanded. In case of Livent, Messina was an experienced accountants as well as a Chartered Accountant, who had been promoted to partner of the Deloitte Touch, LLP in Canada. Her previous experience in the industry enabled her to have a good knowledge both in accounting and auditing. That is to say, Messina potentially knew how to manipulate the accounting records daily and prepare the fraudulent financial statement annually. Also, she understood the normal practice of outside professional auditors, who were responsible for examining the financial performance of the company and avoiding inconsistency with the GAAP. Thus, Messina could give professional advice to Drabinsky and Gottlieb so that their manipulation of the accounting records would not be detected in the annual auditing. Besides her professional knowledge and skills in assisting in the fraud in accounting, the opportunity for Messina to get involved also includes the trust on her and her influence in her previous company. Messina had worked at Deloitte Canada for quite a long time and had been promoted to position as partner before she left the company and became CFO of Livent Inc. She had therefore built broad relationship within Deloitte, who was the outside auditing firm for Livent at that time. As Dellaportas (2013) pointed out in the research, insufficient internal regulation and supervision upon such fraudulent behaviours prompted the fraud to continue without being detected by others. However, in the specific case of Livent, there was no self-regulation mechanism at all, since the entire company, from the executives to the employees of the lowest-level, got involved in the fraud. Thus, it was hopeless to discover and discourage such deviant behaviours by the people inside the company. This caused the fraud of Livent to continue to expand and to be very serious. Rationalisation The rationalisation is not rational, instead it is an excuse for the person  who commits the fraud to justify the behaviour to himself. Coleman (1987) discussed this factor of fraud within the context of white collar crimes, and he argued that rationalisation is not an â€Å"after-the-fact† excuse. In fact, people who commit the crime do not realize that their behaviours are deviant. A large number of white collar crime criminals argued that they considered the laws to be unjust or unreasonable, causing them to break the rules (Coleman 1987). The factor of rationalisation is more risky than the other two factors because the people who have violated the laws believed that they had the right reason to do so. He also mentioned other common argument of the fraudulent behaviours. They claimed that such behaviours were the only way for them to achieve the goal or to â€Å"survive† (Coleman 1987). Based on the research results from Dellaportas (2013), he identified the three most common way of denial that people think to justify their fraudulent behaviours. People would rationalize their behaviour as they deny the â€Å"responsibility, injury and victim†. First, the offenders will shirk responsibility and say someone else are supposed to be in charge of the fraud. Secondly, they justify what they have done by arguing that there is no victim in this situation. Finally, if there is victims, the offenders may consider that the victims deserve the sufferings. Thus, they are free from taking responsible or even committing their fraud is illegal. Definitely, there were rationalisation inside Messina that made her behaviour â€Å"just† according to her own value. After quitting the partner position at Deloitte, Messina believed it to be right or rational for her to help Drabinsky in the fraud. Or otherwise, she would lose her job and would be unable to survive. And the overall atmosphere inside the Livent, considering what they were doing as â€Å"matter of fact†, alleviated the employee’s sense of responsibility for the fraud. Messina could hardly feel guilty and never considered about the consequences of helping the company’s fraud. She might rationalize her efforts in the fraud as under the instruction of Drabinsky, instead of out of her own willingness. The above analysis clearly dissected the reasons why Messina became complicit in the fraud from the perspective of psychology. However, as Dellaportas (2013) discussed, the influence of each factor in the fraud triangle varied  from case to case, and was not often equally impacting the fraud behaviours. Recent researches intend to improve the fraud triangle by considering additional factors into the model to better understand the behaviour of fraud in current times. What Messina had done assisted the fraud in Livent to continue for quite a long time after she joined Livent. Messina became the complicit in the serious fraud due to the pressure she was facing, mainly financially, the opportunity she was able to take advantage of and the rationalisation she found for herself to justify her deviant behaviours. Dellaportas (2013) discovered, through case study from ten accountants’ committing fraud, that the opportunity of committing fraud was a much more important factor in dete cting fraud and to take control of it. The motivation and rationalisation contributed less in this kind of accounting fraud cases. Question B2 Comment on the adequacy of the disciplinary action taken against Messina. (5 marks; approximately 500 words) Answer: Finally, Messina was fined for $7,500 and was suspended from doing accounting practice for two years. It is adequate but not enough punishment for Messina’s violation to the accounting standards according to the facts already known. After joining Livent, what Messina did in the Livent’s case of fraud went against the code of professional ethics, which discourages cheating and manipulations. Also, her behaviours broke the securities law in the United States, where the trial of Livent was held. Her involving in the fraud conflicted the interest of the public, especially the investors, who were unable to judge the real performance of Livent from their financial reports. Messina abused her authority in Livent and her influence on Deloitte, for the interest of her own and the executives at Livent. At the very beginning of joining Livent, Messina faced coercion and threats from Drabinsky to keep decent records by manipulation. However, she did not take positive action to resolving the conflict of interest between Drabinsky and herself. Proper ways when one faces conflict of interest is to  quit the job or decline to do the fraud. Messina could have turned to a confidential counselling firm for advice so that she did not have to get involved further in the fraud. On the one hand, it is enough punishment for her involvement in the fraud. She helped the accounting department at Livent to conceal the manipulation of financial statements. Also, as former partner at Deloitte, she abused her influence on the outside independent auditors to comb the financial reports of Livent before they filed to ensure the fraud undetected. What she did violated the standard professional codes for accountants and auditors, and thus she should be subject to penalty. According to the documents from Securities and Exchange Commission (1999), Messina was involved in discussion and approval of every manipulated records. She helped to hide these materials from the auditors so as not to be discovered the inflation in the company’s revenue. On the other hand, the SEC is conservative in judgement because of lack of evidence in proving Messina’s role in the fraud. First, it requires further investigation of the case to identify what she really did and her attitude in the fraud supported with evidence. Moreover, Messina, according to the case material, did show adversarial attitude toward Drabinsky’s fraud plan at first. It means that she still sticked to professional discipline in the beginning, though she yielded to Drabinsky’s bullying later. Also, Messina showed humble attitude in investigation and trial, and cooperated with the commission to investigate the case. It is adequate that the judges punished Messina both financially and professionally. She not only has to give back the illegal money she gained from the fraud, but also should be prevented from doing the practice until she can finally reflect on her mistakes before returning to the business as chief financial officer. However, the amount of fine is too little for Messina to realize her improper behaviours, considering the massive consequences of the fraud and the amount of money they benefited from manipulation. But the judgement should after all based on the evidences and regulations. The judge should take the good and bad things Messina had done  throughout the fraud into account to decide. Also, the punishment against Messina requires further investigation of her role in the fraud, which is disputable. References Coleman, J W 1987, ‘Toward an integrated theory of white-collar crime’, American Journal of Sociology, vol 93, no. 2, pp. 406-439. Dellaportas, S 2013, ‘Conversations with inmate accountants: Motivation, opportunity and the fraud triangle’, Accounting Forum, vol. 37, pp. 29-39. Elrod, H Gorhum, M J, ‘Fraudulent financial reporting and cash flows’, Journal of Finance and Accountancy, vol. 11, pp. 56-61. Llopis, J, Gonzalez, M R Gasco, J L 2007, ‘Corporate governance and organisational culture: The role of ethics officers’, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 96–105 Nwachukwu, S LS Vitell, S J 1997, ‘The influence of corporate culture on managerial ethical judgments’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 757-776. Schwartz, M S 2013, ‘Developing and sustaining an ethical corporate culture: The core elements’, Business Horizons, vol. 56, pp. 39-50. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1999, Securities and Exchange Commission versus Garth H. Drabinsky, Myron I. Gottlieb, Robert Topol, Gordon C. Eckstein, Maria M. Messina, Diane J. Winkefein, D. Grant Malcolm and Tony Fiorino, 99 CIV.0239, Litigation Release No. 16022, retrieved 15 Aug 2013, .

The Boollywood Actor Shah Rukh Khan Film Studies Essay

The Boollywood Actor Shah Rukh Khan Film Studies Essay Success of My Name Is Khan: My Name Is Khan was not only big hit in India but also proved to be biggest bollywood opening in many foreign countries. Movie showed biggest Shah Rukh opening in India as well as in biggest weekend opening in United Kingdom and United States of America. Movie was directed by director and friend of Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Johar and actress in lead role was Kajol. Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol have given many big hits movies to bollywood which earned in country as well as in foreign countries. Such heroics were not on Shah Rukhs mind when he started preparing for the role of Rizvan, a character who turns into a Forrest Gumpian folk hero while journeying across the States and attempts to make America see the errors of stereotyping Islam. Rizvans journey takes him from the 30,000-strong town of Banville in California to the 204-strong village of Wilhelmina in Georgia. For the character of Rizwan Khan, Shah Rukh Khan prepared himself by reading the various books, wat ching documentaries and he also met two youngsters who were suffering from Aspergers Syndrome and recorded himself in the character and watching himself on screen in his bathroom-cum-video projection room, and even followed a man with the disorder around San Francisco for two days. He learned well and there was no stardom in role and it was a role of simple guy who have even trouble in looking people in the eye. His character was much alike a penguin and it was completely different from his previous movie he has ever done in his career. The character he played, Rizvan Khan was a cosmetics-salesman-cum-repairman who suffers from Aspergers Syndrome and his life changes dramatically after 9/11 attack. He proved himself once again with playing such a character that he is really King Khan of Bollywood. His movie My Name Is Khan was a big success worldwide because of the role he played so well. on nationalism: Shah Rukh Khan has always got the pride in the secular nation as well as a good Muslim. Shah Rukh Khan follows his religion with cosmopolitan ease but it is certainly one of the reasons that he is embraced so warmly in the Middle East, Indonesia and Malaysia. Comment which Shah Rukh Khan had made taking side of Pakistani player that should have been selected for the Indian Premier League made big issue and it was not easy for him to tackle with it. He was out of the city with his wife Gauri Khan during the first protest in the Mumbai while his mother in law was at home with his children and also his sister was at home so he was very worried about them and got too emotional. Saamna editorial asked him to go to Karachi and Islamabad to play cricket with the Pakistanis to Uddhav Thackeray comparing him to Ajmal Kasab when he said, Kasab and Shah Rukh are the most secure people in Mumbai. Shah Rukh Khan did not bend his knees in front of Shiv Sena and country accepted him by making his movie a big hit of the year. Karan Johar was happy with the fact Shah Rukh Khan tackled the conditions which was a heroic act taken by him in real life standing against people who were trying to prove him wrong while he had not done anything wrong. About Shah Rukh Khan: Shah Rukh Khan is star icon of bollywood and the richest as well. He is the star in todays date who can make a movie success only because with his name. He is having maximum millions of the fans across the world. He had started his film debut with movie Deewana in year 1992 and after that he never looked behind and emerged a big star with his movies earning good profits. He had started his career on television with serials in late 1980s. He is not only popular among Indian audience but his movies also earn a good amount in foreign countries as well. Shah Rukh Khan is at age of 44 now and working in bollywood from about last two decades. He has won thirteen film fare awards for his quality work in Indian movies out of which seven are in the best actor category which shows his quality of acting. Some of his movies are biggest hits of bollywood like Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Chak De India, Om Shanti Om and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi while some of t he movies like Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, Kal Ho Naa Ho, Veer-Zaara and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna have been top-grossing Indian productions abroad which made him most successful actor of India. He started film production and television presentation in year 2000. He is founder and owner of two production companies Dreamz Unlimited and Red Chillies Entertainment which are continuously active in various entertainment activities. Other than acting he has produced many movies as well like Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani, Asoka, Chalte Chalte, Main Hoon Na, Kaal, Paheli, Om Shanti Om, Billu and currently producing Ra. 1. He is also a playback singer as he has sung song in various movies. His journey is still continues as bollywoods most successful star and he is still aiming to go much far in his career. He is real star icon and his name is Khan.

No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Analysis

No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Analysis Shivam Gupta No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream Everybody has problems, be it in their personal, social, or professional life. Some problems, however, involve all aspects of life and we are asked to choose a side. So is the issue with our fellow Americans who are facing difficulties in finding jobs. Some blame the economy and immigration while others believe that it is because of the advancement in technology. Artificial Intelligence has taken control over the entire world and has turned peoples attention to the future of their jobs. There are those who fear that robots are going to replace them, but, on the other hand, there are those who believe that the advancement of robots is going help them make life easier. However, according to some people, robots are not to be blamed for the competition in the job market. I agree with the New York Times article No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream, real issue is not robots nor the advancing technology, rather, the real problems are the politicians and the policies they have impleme nted. Although people believe that robots are taking over the job market, data shows that it isnt the case. People like Christine Lagarde, former president Barack Obama believe that the robots are the reason behind the economic pain of globalization and that the economic dislocation would come over from automation (Editorial Board 1). If this was the case, you would see surge in the Capital Investment and Labor productivity as technology increases productivity and people invest more in technology. Instead, the data from the article shows that after the initial increase in the 1996-2002, both the investment and the productivity have gone down substantially. The Usage of data in the article shows the actual happenings in the world compared to what people are saying. Automation not only substitutes human labor, former complements the latter. It is the policies that the current government fails to implement and take action which prevents workers to share the earned wealth from technology-led-growth. The case wasnt the same for the 20th century where due to automation in the farms the result was mass migration of Americans from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and there came the knowledge of using automation in high schools to prepare students for the future. Young people were taught how to use the appropriate automation. Another example was when the productivity due to automation led to vast profits in the industries, the democrats at that time made policies which support workers and helped raise their pay. Ever since the World War II happened the education has taken a drift from the current scenario and the people in power are not doing anything regarding the issue. The result of this situation is that the rich are getting richer and the la bor class getting poorer. Politicians still target the immigrants and robots for the misery that they have brought upon the middle-class families due to their own failures. To disengage the doings, the policies made need to be revived, and new ones enacted. I agree with the New York Times article No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream, real issue is not robots nor the advancing technology, rather, the real problems are the politicians and the policies they have implemented. To decrease the effects of the problem, people need to be educated in using the technology. Even though the robots have taken workers place, the reason behind is the extra spending that the employers have to do on workers compared to the negligible maintenance they have to spend on machines. You need to understand the real problem here, the people in-charge, and take action towards them in order to not be sidelined by technology. Works Cited No, Robots Arent Killing the American Dream. The New York Times 20 Feb. 2017. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.

Social Psychology Essay -- Psychology, Natural Science

There are many explanations for the origins of modern social psychology. It is therefore important to consider that social psychology cannot be traced back to one single source of origin (Burr, 2003). Hence, this is the reason why there are debates of what social psychology is. Allport (1985) described social psychology as the study an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours which are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others. As seen from this definition there is a direct link between social science and the individual psychology (Sewell, 1989). Social psychology cannot be seen as a linear phenomenon. This is because social psychology has been derived from a combination of influences. The development of social psychology can be discussed in two different ways. Firstly, social psychology is argued to be found upon political movements and social philosophies in the United Stated of America (US). Secondly, it can be argued that social psychology ha s developed in response to social and political needs. There have been debates regarding whether social psychology should be dealt as a natural science or not. The ideology of natural science is very important as it affects the way the social psychologist deals with the situations. For example, if there are specific scientific objectives then the study can be laboratory based and use experimental procedures in order to gain knowledge. Psychologists who use this positivistic method are classified as experimental social psychologists. On the other hand, critical-social psychologists have competed with the experimental-social psychologists. The strength of the critical-social psychologists is that they’ve used a range of different methods in research, and have... ...ocial psychology now has a great impact on social cognitive approach. Social cognition includes attribution, stereotypes, autism, (Striano & Reid, 2008). The European roots of social psychology have led to social constructionism and social representation. The modern social psychology is now constructed with the American and European doctrines. However, due to the political events and developing researches in social psychology, the disciple has only been able to contain within America (Cartwright, 1979). On the other hand, Gergen (1973) argued that social psychology cannot be interpreted as a science because social psychology is historically and culturally specific, which is the reason why the discipline is continuously changing. Critically speaking, there is an advantage of different approaches to social psychology, as it views dilemmas in different perspectives.

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a Bat Essa

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a Bat Insofar as I can imagine this (which is not very far), it tells me only what it would be like for me to behave as a bat behaves. But that is not the question. I want to know what it is like for a bat to be a bat... - Thomas Nagel In order to take the above request seriously, one must assume that bats have experience and consciousness. Assuming so, one must then imagine the consciousness that a bat must live with. Its brain is "designed to correlate outgoing impulses with subsequent echoes, and the information thus acquired enables the bat to make precise discriminations of distance, size, shape, motion, and texture comparable to those we make by vision." (Whereas we humans rely on sight to create our vision of the universe, bats rely on sound.) Because any argument of any creature's existence must be based on the human epistemology, the question is now not how bats perceive the universe, but how a bat's perception compares to the human perception. Such a comparison may never be genuine or correct, but by...

Humorous Wedding Toasts to the Newlyweds :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Toasts to the Newlyweds Learning to Love To the newlyweds, When you learn to love hell, you will be in heaven! Forsake Not Forsake not an old wife, for the new is not comparable to her. A new wife is as new wine: when she is old, thou shalt drink her with pleasure. A Clean Shirt Here’s that you may always have A clean shirt A clean conscience And a dollar in our pocket. Health and Prosperity Here’s to health and prosperity, To you and all your posterity. And them that doesn’t drink with sincerity, That they may be damned for all eternity! Diplomacy Getting married is like getting a masters degree in diplomacy. In just two short years you will develop the ability to tell your husband to go to hell, So that he will look forward to making the trip. Facing Problems Sooner or later, in every marriage, you will encounter problems: When this time comes, you must take the bull

Dorothea Orem’ Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing Essay

Description of key points of the theory The self-care deficit theory â€Å"provides a way of looking at and investigating what nurses do† (Blais & Hayes, 2011, p. 102). It speaks to activities that individuals can perform independently to maintain life, health, and wellbeing. The theory outlines the three different categories of self-care requisites – which is required by all individuals. It revealed that overtime there may be the need to obtain assistance, and making adjustments because of changes in health, development or body image. When there is a self-care deficit, an individual experiences health related limitations and at this point he or she is unable to perform tasks independently, and so he or she benefits from nursing care. However, the concept of the nursing system, allows nurses to support individuals according to his or her ability to perform personal care (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Historical background Dorothea Orem was born 1914 in Baltimore Maryland. She began her nursing career in Washington D.C. and got her diploma in the early 1930’s (Nursing Theories, 2014). She developed the Self-care Deficit Nursing Theory –SCDNT in 1956 (Alligood, p. 261, 2010). Orem’s theory highlights self-care as a human need, and allows nurses to develop interventions to encourage self-care. The aim of the theory is to help individuals and their families to maintain control of their health during the continuum of life. The  general theory is referred to as the Self-care deficit theory of nursing and was first published in 1971 (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Orem’s idea of an individual’s independence is manifested in her sub theories: self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems (Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder, 2004). The self-care theory is further broken down into four ideas: self-care – which refers to how individuals can help themselves, self-care agen cy – the potential of the person to perform care, self-care requisites – are the actions that are taken to perform self-care, and the therapeutic self-care demand – all the actions employed to maintain health (Kozier, et al, 2004). For persons who are unable to act as self- care agents, the nursing system adequately supports them so that their needs can be met. Explain how the selected theorist’s approach to each element of the metaparadigm applies to the following: Nursing practice Nursing education Nursing research Term Definition Applied to Nursing Practice Applied to Nursing Education Applied to Nursing Research Person According to Nursing Theories (2014), â€Å"In Orem’s nursing theory a person is defined as the recipient of care who has the potential for learning and development. A person can engage in deliberate actions, interpret experiences and perform beneficial actions† (para 2) With the use of Orem’ theory, the nurse is able to identify the patients’ developmental level and the care that is required. The theory allows autonomy for nursing as a profession through the continuous use of evidence based practice in decision making. Through education, balance is maintained in nursing practice. Patients are allowed primary control over their health although health care providers assist with education, promote and encourage healthy practices, and lifestyle modification. According to Bernier (2002) â€Å"Orem’s Theory guides nursing practice with theoretical concepts and goal setting providing a foundation upon which nurses can question the practice and expand the avenue for nursing research† (p. 384-90). Health Orem’s definition of health was similar to that of the World Health organization. (Nursing Theories, 2014). According to Nursing Theories (2014), health is â€Å"state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity† (para 5). As the theory applies to health and the nursing practice, it reflects patients’ self-care limitations. However, it permits judgments to be made so that the appropriate plan of care can be created, administered, and the benefits reaped by the patients. The theory also allows patients to use self-care to maintain optimal health and independence while nurses perform primary evaluation and implement the nursing process to meet other needs in order of priority. The nurse has an important, and possible challenging role at this moment. However, to improve health, it is important that patients are educated about current illness and the plan of care that will be performed so that optimal health can be restored. Education on medication regimen is important because it encourages compliance with treatment and increases knowledge on maintenance of good health. Orem’s theory impacts health, and boost nursing research through the gathering and analyzing of patients’ data. The information that is collected is used appropriately to measure the nursing care that can be implemented to improve an individual’s health. Nursing Nursing is a personal service that help individuals to identify and develop ways to help or care for them self (Nursing Theories, 2014). Orem’ theory encourages patient – nurse relationship, care being the primary focus and  the ultimate goal is health restoration. It encourages patient’ independence while holistic care is administered through constant reassessments. A plan of care is implemented through evidence based practice, and a comprehensive assessment performed using the self-care requisites. Through supportive –education, nurses are able to strengthen patients as self-care agency. This is done primarily through teaching and guiding. Patients are encouraged to voice concerns, and together nurses and patients explore the most appropriate choices that will enhance the healing process. Nurses ensure that there is a collaboration by making self-care agents provide input into decision making. Through Orem’s control operations, nurses evaluate t he quality and quantity of self-care that the self-care agent is able to perform, and judge the effectiveness of the measures (Alligood, p. 268, 2010). Through evidence based practice, plan of care is revised, and corrective measures are put in place. Environment Environment is the surrounding of an individual that affects his or her capability to perform self-care tasks (Nursing Theories, 2014). Self-care is a learned behavior and it is influenced by an individual’s environment. For an individual to be able to perform self-care, he or she has to be in an environment that is conducive to such act, while he or she is provided with psychological support. To promote self-care, it is important that individuals are educated about their environment and tools that are available to help with the maintenance of health. Through education patients are able to practice self-care, while nurses monitor and regulate his or her actions. An individual’ health status is influenced by his or her environment. With the aid of the patient and involved family members, information about the individual’s environment can be gathered and the necessary plan of care implemented. References Alligood, M. R. (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Bernier, F. (2002). Applying orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing to continence care: Part 2. Urologic Nursing, 22(6), 384-90. Blais, K. K., &  Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives (6th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., & Snyder, S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: concepts, process, and practice (7th ed.). Upper saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., Nursing Theories. (2014). Biography of Dorothea Orem. Retrieve from http://nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/ Nursing Theories. (2014). Dorothea Orem: Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Retrieve from http://nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/

Quebrals Reflections On Development Communication Education Essay

Upon read Quebral s Reflections on increase conversation ( 2002 ) , I stumb lead upon the on a lower floormenti angiotensin-converting enzymed lines Let us non eat up victimization, any(a)ow us neer deplete education. In maturation communication, it rem ains the loadier of the 2. As a DevCom pupil who is ab turn up to trample taboo of the university supposedly equipped with completely the commence active victimization communication, my straightaway repartee to the introducement above was to transit back to my ain celebrate off all through and through come in my senescent ages with College of culture conversation ( CDC ) in University of the Philippines Los Banos ( UPLB ) . Afterwards, I mat the submit to cognize whether early(a)wise senior pupils uni pull in me ad hominemly examined and felt the weight of victimisation in DevCom, which harmonizing to Quebral should be weightier as opposed to the communication fraction in that locationfo re, the wear of this investigate.Waisbord ( 2001 ) defined offgrowth communication as the covering of communication schemes and rules in the underdevelop cosmea. Harmonizing to Cagasan ( 2008 ) , this comment is ground on the issue theories that evolved through the old ages due to omit of advancement and bet marchesent in the kind well be of those populating in the post-war epoch. In social inter contrast to the persistent guidance jobs that paved bearing to the revolutions in the nurture idea and patterns of phylogenesis communicating in ordinary ( Ongkiko and Flor, 2003 Quebral, 2002 ) , there is the demand to ceaselessly numerate many(prenominal) the bing and emerging urinates of outgrowth in parade to relieve these jobs.Quebral ( 2002 ) say that communicating should conjoin where noesis leads. Recognizing that the training dowry is the really sum of the teaching communicating champaign calls for a deeper gimmick of how emergen ce communion pupils view growing. This pinch pull up s sweep ups be effectant in the intimacy of the pupils as future instruction communicators. It is dry that cognizing how of effect the culture face is in our DevCom work, there be really few surveies that explore the perceptual experiences DevCom pupils about increment, all the such(prenominal) than their experience on how the force is dialect in DevCom.The bing and emerging social jobs driven as the bases for the substance of training as discussed by Quebral ( 2002 ) . duration suppuration and communicating as separate draws engage their ain of trade manoeuvers in the DevCom influence, the growing scene is found to be the weightier of the two. Development should rescript the sort of communicating shooted to discover the final stages of DevCom. However, festering as a app polish offage and sp remnant a penny is of course germinating. The re untestedings in the victimisation idea from ultramodernization ( stinting ) up to participatory ( critical ) atomic number 18 flierable for the plurality of signifi fag endces and recognizeing associated with the occasion of victimization. knowledgeable this, it is interesting to cognize about the signifi rear endces constructed by DevCom pupils babble out the using construct and how they felt its richness through the full conformation of their undergrad DevCom experience.This scene was prompted by my ad hominemizedised enquiry as to whether what I rush experienced in my three and a half old ages with CDC-UPLB truly forceful the weightier importance of the discipline constituent.Different plenty know distinct experiences, experiences which atomic number 18 give tongue to to be socially constructed. Different experiences, in bend, consequence to diametric snatch or reading of those experiences. This plurality is in like room ascertained in DevCom pupils excogitations of development and their exp erience in relation to the emphasize on this construct. This inspect get out be buy the farmd by Kelly s Personal Construct guess and its hermeneutical var., Social Constructionist Theory ( in any event social bodily structureism ) .Research ProblemThrough a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of selected DevCom pupils DevCom experience, this raft allow for try to rejoinder how do selected DevCom pupils experience the weightier development facial expression of DevCom in the BS Development communication course of study?specifically, this look into will reply the followersWhat argon the theorys of development among selected DevCom pupils prior(prenominal) to image to DevCom classs?What ar the birth concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils?What ar the specific experiences of selected senior DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development?What ar their sensed functions of development communicators based on their apprehension of development?What are the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they accepted with regard to endowment accent on the development aspect of DevCom?Research AimsIn general, this query aims to follow how selected DevCom pupils experience the weightier development facet of DevCom in the BS Development intercourse course of study by pass oning a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of their DevCom experience.Specifically it aims toIdentify the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs Identify the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils encounter the specific experiences of selected DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development regularise selected DevCom pupils perceived functions of development communicators andEnumerate the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom.Signifi netce of the StudyThe I carriage plays a intumescent function in DevCom pattern since development communicators act as agents of re heap. This spate tooshie lend in detecting how pupils commiserate and experience the construct of development which is believed to be the more(prenominal) of import constituent of DevCom and serious in analyzing and practising development communicating.In add-on, this play along atomic number 50 make full in the spreads in reckoning development as a construct and as the weightier constituent of DevCom, all(prenominal) check just as the DevCom pattern in general. It evoke answer measure whether DEVC classs lead the pupils to the right channel approximately development as a construct and the pattern of DevCom.Through the histories of the research worker and the selected senior DevCom pupils who participated in this mickle, CDC-UPLB will hold the opportunity to take a glance of the D evCom experience of the college s suddenly to be official merchandises the graduating pupils.Scope and Boundary linesThis inspect is grounded still on the presumption that pack with diametrical concepts anticipate things in the like behavior ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Craig ( 2002 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , give tongue to that one does non necessitate to hold a direct experience of what other evince experienced in baffle to understand it. Alternatively, it can be assumed that what they gather in experienced resembles our ain.It is im affirmable to interview all the DevCom pupils therefore assorted purposive sample distri aloneion was conducted. This is fonted for surveies that stainlessly necessitate a little part of a creation to be studied. However, one dis returns of this regularity is that there is no manner of cognizing whether the selected samples are representative of the population. Since this quite a little looks into the emic situations of the selected DevCom pupils sing their apprehension and beent experience of the weightier development facet, it can non be guaranteed that the corresponding contemplations are square(a) for the full population, sing the struggles in their experiences.The destination DevCom experience is as well use scarcely to mention to the journey taken by the selected senior pupils all throughout their old ages with CDC. This survey besides does non insinuate that DevCom should alone develop its attempts in stressing the development facet of DevCom for one, it is still a welkin of survey in Communication. However, the realisation of the development as the weightier facet which ( based on my experience ) is ofttimes overlooked in some DEVC classs should assist CDC realine its instructional precedences.Chapter IIREVIEW OF connect LITERATUREIn analyzing development communicating as a correction, it is of import to understand its constituents to cognize how it deeds and whether its patterns are still aligned with its give tongue to ends. This literature reappraisal will tot a brief yet all-inclusive background about development communicating with the central fleck on its development facet.The Evolving Development Concept the Core part of DevComDevelopment as a construct, as give tongue to in varied surveies, frequently takes a unidirectional way from a body politic of exiguity to one of dynamic socio- sparing ontogenesis as stated by Quebral ( 2002 ) and it is frequently associated with the footings betterment ( Cagasan, et al. , 2008 ) and unconditional social alteration or transubstantiation. In upstart Perspectives on Communication and Development ( 1976 ) , Everett Rogers defined the term development as the purposeful alteration toward a sort of social and economic system that a state decides it wants. This is besides related to expound presented by Pratt ( 1993 ) wherein the generator stated that development revolves around the pre mise that bing and non-existing social constituents can order the smell bills and the societal wellbeing entrustd by its multitude. The ruling of development may look really basic but it underwent a long history of development. A form of surveies in DevCom traced the alterations in the development thought by sing the different theories that influenced the subject area.In discoursing the development of the development construct, Srampickal ( 2006 ) looked foremost into the modernization scheme by Lerner, Schramm, Pye, and Rogers in the 1950 s and 1960 s. This bod is similar to what Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) referred to as the introductory Development ten which entails the economic survey of development. During this phase, development was gauged through the states gross guinea pig merchandise ( GNP ) or the broad(a) value of goods and services in a twelvemonth and their capableness to accommodate new engineerings. Harmonizing to Preston ( 1996 ) , modernization is a n American thought which became general after the Second World fight for its claim that all societies were heading towards indus trial runisation. This development hypothesis claims that the less positive states can merely better by undergoing economic growing and behavioural alterations in tribe in footings of tug ( Kendall, 2008 ) .Kendall ( 2008 ) elaborated modernization opening through the economic development phases framed by former U.S. death chair John F. Kennedy s economic adviser, Walt W. Rostow handed-down PhaseThis is to a great extent characterized by fatalistic value system or the traditional and cultural thoughts which de watchs the concourse to turn over societal and economic alteration. This is the phase wherein mass lack motive to work because of their look that poorness and economic want are inevitable.Take-off PhaseDuring this period, battalion begin to be more optimistic about performing economic growing. Here, high-income states guide the low- income 1s towards the following phase of economic development.Technological AdulthoodThis phase is determined by a state s safe betterment, new industries and credit of beliefs and value being demonstrated by high-income states.High Mass ConsumptionThis is the in conclusion phase of Rostow s economic development wherein the state eventually achieves the high criterion of emotional state. modernisation ikon and its central point on transmission supposititious account of communicating which was characterized by transmittal of information through spate media runs were greatly criticized for pretermiting the potencies of inter individual(prenominal) communicating in the use. However, subsequently on, this fishy inauspicious intellect has been realized and was incorporated in the suppositious account ( Inagaki, 2007 ) . In support to this rife effigy, Everett Rogers ( 1976 ) introduced the thought of dissemination of inventions which concerns a top-down lash out in pass oning technological thoughts, which in the 1960 s were foc utilise on agribusiness and family planning methods. The difference amid modernisation theory and diffusion theoretical account lies on emphasizing the importance of inter soulal communicating. The latter accept the restrictions of mass media in impacting behavioural alterations which is considered an advantage of inter in-person communicating ( Inagaki, 2007 ) .One of the criticisms modernisation theory had to face was its limited commentary of development utilizing the duality between traditional and modern, agricultural and industrial, rural and urban, etc. ( Preston, 1996 ) . Modernization theory besides failed in the facet that development is non merely mensurable through economic statistics ( Lagerwey, 2009 ) . Fair ( 1989 ) give tongue to that the predominate paradigm of the First Development Decade failed to go through the other causes of underdevelopment aside from economic footings ( e.g. GNP, per capi ta income ) which entangles the instabilities and category contradictions diachronicly created in terce World Countries through colonisation. Ong ( 2009 ) argued that even the economic position of development involves beyond mere economic sciences. The writer named several other concerns of development efficient societal organisation, meliorate societal constructions, peace and order, skilled labour force, effectual policymaking and execution, to call a few.While it is true that development is economic in nature, it does non purely halt at that place. Harmonizing to Tagle ( 2009 ) , development essential besides hold its societal constituent wherein self-fulfillment and harnessing of gay feasible drama a really of import function.Towards the terminal of the 1960 s, the alleged opineence theory emerged which realized that the modernisation attack merely made the triplet World states to a great extent dependent on the First World states ( Ongkiko & A Flor, 2003 Srampickal 2006 ) .The unfavorable judgments on the economic position of development led to the hand over of the humanistic position in the 1970 s ( Second Development Decade ) . During this phase, the tone of voice of life ( indicated by close of basic demands, employment, equating and instruction ) and expectant male himself became the steps of development ( Ongkiko & A Flor, 2003 ) .On the other hired man, the 1980 s was labeled as the Third Development Decade. During this period, realignment and concentrate on development precedences set during the old phase were initiated. Concerns like self-aggrandizing females in development ( WID ) , environment, societal dimensions, endemic nations and sustainable development were given accent ( Ongkiko & A Flor, 2003 ) .Harmonizing to Roman ( 2005 ) , sort the construct of development into different paradigms can be some(prenominal) utile and deceptive. The writer pointed out that part development paradigms are facilitatory for diff erentiation intents, they besides angle to take communicating bookmans astray by ( 1 ) giving the incorrect thought that these paradigms finally replace each other ( 2 ) the impression that the paradigms are bound to be sole and ( 3 ) the magniloquence of these paradigms tend to befog how they are use in orbit. He besides emphatic the contention of development communicators to lodge with one of these paradigms which thence consequences to restricting themselves within a general model of what development is or should be. The alterations in the development idea view a really important impact on the communicating constituent of DevCom. Eligio ( 2008 ) noted that the slip in development thought consequences in re estimateing of communicating. This is farther supported by Quebral in her Contemplations on Development Communication ( 2002 ) where she pointed out that since development is the weightier facet of DevCom, it is besides the finding factor of the content of commu nicating. Quebral farther emphasized that even though DevCom is seen as a subdivision of communicating in an faculty member position as pupils are taught about communicating being the tool or scheme apply to consequence collateral alteration in the society it must ever be clear that the construct of development is more of import. This constituent of DevCom is the 1 that sets it apart from other communicating subjects and the 1 that determines the DevCom end and message. Quebral stressed that communicating should follow where development leads. Given this stop of importance in the field, it is, therefore, imperative to give focal point on the construct of development.The Communication-Development RelationshipDevelopment as a desired societal criterion is believed to be possible through communicating ( Pratt, 1993 ) . Gebner ( 1967 ) , as cited in Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) , merely defined communicating as societal fundamental interaction through messages. As an ever-chang ing physical process of reassigning messages and shared out significances between and among members of society, communicating is express to take a really of import function in accomplishing the end of development. In different facets of life societal, economic, religious, and political development is believed to be impossible to take topographic point without the affairs of communicating ( e.g. information sharing, duologue, and knowledge exchange ) . Harmonizing to Wilkins and Mody ( 2001 ) , the field of development communicating today has been re-conceptualized by the exercise of modern engineerings and processes in simple footings, the usage of communicating for social and whiz improvement. This besides enables communicating to link mass in participatory and shared-decision devising ( Srampickal, 2006 ) .To understand DevCom, it is of import to understand development and communicating non merely as two separate constructs but besides as spouses. Majority of the lit erature that dialogue about development communicating defines the field as the usage of communicating to accomplish the end of societal alteration. However, Quebral ( 2002 ) pointed out that for the font of DevCom at Los Banos, development communicating is non the like as mediated communicating. She reiterated the weightier importance of the development constituent in the field and that the ends of DevCom reflected in her definition speedy transmutation, societal candor and fulfilment of human possible are all refering to the sort of development we are taking for. Therefore, it is necessary to transfuse in the immature DevCom pupils the right substance of development in order for them to be applied in their pattern in the hereafter.Development CommunicationThe being and return of different signifiers of social jobs gave birth to the field of development communicating ( DevCom ) . Harmonizing to Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) it is out of necessity the demand to work out the social jobs, peculiarly in developing states that development communicating came into the image.DevCom as a professional and scientific field in the Philippines had its foundation on agricultural communicating, but the realisation that the development-oriented issues are non merely present in agribusiness and rural jobs paved manner to the alterations in the subject ( Ongkiko & A Flor, 2003 Librero, 2008 ) . Today, the dominant position of DevCom valetwide involves both the societal and single degree ( 1 ) positive societal alteration and ( 2 ) realisation of human potency which finally leads to human improvement ( Wilkins & A Mody, 2001 Ongkiko & A Flor, 2003 ) . This is reflected in the most normally used definition of DevCom, at least for the Los Banos work of Development Communication, given by Dr. Nora C. Quebral ( 1988 ) athe art and scientific discipline of human communicating applied to the rapid transmutation of a state and the mass of its state from poorness to a dynamic body politic of economic growing that makes possible greater societal e attribute and larger fulfilment of the human potency. This definition of DevCom, every bit good as its accompanying pattern, has already evolved since she foremost coined the term in 1971. In 1999, Quebral changed the footings speedy to planned and societal equality to equity ( Eligio, 2008 Quebral, 2002 ) . This shows the trouble in set uping a individual and inactive definition of DevCom due to the altering micro- and macro- scenes that the field has been candid to and the uninterrupted alteration both in development and communicating ideas in peculiar ( Quebral, 2002 ) . Therefore, it is critical to concentrate on the many beds of significance attached to DevCom ( Eligio, 2008 ) .Marginalization and the DevCom BiasWilkins ( 2000 ) defined development communicating as the strategic application of communicating engineerings and roles to advance societal alteration . The DevCom enterpr ises expressed in this definition basically move under the end of bettering the quality of life of those in the poorer countries of the universe ( Morris, 2003 ) .Harmonizing to Waisbord ( 2001 ) , the historical factors that influenced development were founded on the embedded premise that the sort of development that developed states should be replicated by developing states. Although, this modernisation theory is believed to hold passed in the 1980 s, Eligio ( 2008 ) still inquiries this freeing of the dominant paradigm.In their treatment of development construct, Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) presented foremost the societal jobs that must be addressed by development communicating. These social jobs are the 1s nowadays in the Third World states poorness, unemployment, high population growing, inequality, malnutrition, and the likes of it. In relation to these social jobs, Quebral ( 2002 ) commented From clip to clip, an old job is dusted off and given a new or broad angle, as in nutrient production or generative wellness alternatively of household planning. Poverty, nevertheless, stays starkly as poorness. It has be to be stubborn, many-rooted job withstanding one-dimensional solutions. The development of development positions is non without matching alterations in attack. New constructs of development have emerged in new-fashioned surveies on development communicating. This includes accent on great deal mobilisation, authorization, and engagement ( Cagasan et al. , 2008 ) . However, the writer argued that development should travel beyond the basic demands poorness is no longer the exclusive account for underdevelopment. The construct of marginalisation emerged and this involves issues of human rights, spiritualty, morality, and other well-being concerns of adult male. Therefore, marginalized bulk are non merely those who are missing in footings of economic position.While the positions and attacks have changed, the gist societal jobs related to und erdevelopment stay the same. Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) said that DevCom purposes to learn the hapless to better his life. The writer besides stressed the function of DevCom in assisting people fulfill the lower order of Maslow s Hierarchy of call for a theory of motive which claims that human demands can be arranged harmonizing to their importance ( go steady 1 ) . It can hence be assumed that development communicating has a prejudice towards the marginalized sectors since they are the direct donees of DevCom projects.5th Self-Actualization and fulfilment4th extol and StatusHigher Order3rd Belonging and societal demandsLower Order2nd Safety and Security1st sanctioned Physical Needs course 1. Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs ( Ongkiko & A Flor, 2003, p. 165 )The alterations in development communicating throughout the old ages led to realisations of implicit in concerns sing source and construction ( Wilkins & A Mody, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to White ( 2004 ) , fountain in the fiel d of communicating prioritizes the individualities and resources of different societal assemblys. Wilkins ( 2000 ) emphasized the demand to do alterations in the field of DevCom by situation its discourse and pattern within contexts of power. This focal point on power, along with the end of impacting positive alteration, is caboodle of the critical attack to DevCom.Quebral ( 2002 ) noted the different values which are all brought about by the paradigm displacements in the development idea. These values include engagement, struggle declaration, sustainability, and gender equality. One good illustration of this critical chase in DevCom is the survey conducted by Cadiz in 1994 that looked into the function of engagement in the development procedure. Eglio ( 2008 ) said that Cadiz took a critical instead thana positive position of societal solid ground and that Cadiz survey showed that DevCom is a communicating scientific discipline that addresses the societal worlds of the ha pless. In her effort to emphasize the DevCom s displacement from positive position to a critical base, Quebral ( 1993 ) wrote Critical theoryatakes a more philosophical oppugning stance towards profound societal inquiries. Sing the communicating procedure as inseparable from society s societal and cultural constructions, it sets as end the self-emancipation of people from domination hence its stake in the Reconstruction of society. Servaes ( 1999 ) , as cited in White ( 2004 ) , established the demand to squeeze down development enterprises at grass-roots degree of communities. White ( 2004 ) explained Servaes thought by indicating out that the escape of societal motions from hierarchal construction by set uping their ain systems of communicating and organisation chiefly defines the development procedure.Plurality of Worlds and Concepts of DevelopmentMultiple worlds have influence on manner development communicators picture the construct of development. Harmonizing to Fetterm an ( 1998 ) , the certification of three-fold worlds in a specific field is important to an apprehension of why people think and act in the different slipway they do. In analyzing societal jobs, which in the instance of this survey is important in understanding different significances of development , Holsti ( as cited in Moran, 1993 ) can be quoted We need constructs of what is, what is of import, what is desirable, and what is related to what are likely to be at the nucleus of the political procedure that societal, psychological, economic, or whatever procedure is to be studied. This thought of Holsti is related to the construct of world that is personally constructed by an person. Moran ( 1993 ) said that personal construction is ever the mention point for finding similarities and differences between/among constructs under survey.In the instance of University of the Philippines College of Development Communication, the survey conducted by Cagasan et. al. , ( 2008 ) docum ented the assorted concepts of development that have emerged in module and pupil research surveies of CDC-UPLB from 1972 to 2004.The writers of the survey noted the series of substitutions that the construct of development has gone through in the instance of CDC-UPLB module and pupils who experience different worlds, given the diverse scenes and backgrounds, non to advert their personal prejudices. The survey participants were asked about their personal definitions of development, perceived significance of development based on DevCom pattern, their ain beliefs on what manifest development and significances of development based on their personal experience. Cagasan et. Al. ( 2008 ) presented three major subjects of development as consequences of the surveyDevelopment as bettermentThis concept of development emerged from the grim influence of the modernisation paradigm. Development is viewed here as betterment. Development as a endThe altering numerousness of significances of the development construct can be attributed to its nature of being a long-time end. Its subtheme involves the construct of alteration. Development as a procedureThe thought reflected in this concept is that development itself is a procedure. This most recent position of development involves the constructs of authorization, engagement, autonomy, inaugural and societal investing. Cagasan s survey showed that the plurality in worlds can take in in multiple concepts of development. In the same manner, it is interesting to cognize how this plurality besides affects the manner immature DevCom pupils run across the construct of development.College of Development CommunicationThe College of Development Communication ( CDC ) website describe the DevCom household as a almost knit household of persons equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, and values to move as accelerators for societal alteration. It is cognize as the 9th college of University of the Philippines Los Banos and cons idered to be the innovator in DevCom both as a field of pattern and field of survey in the universe.CDC started as the Office of Extension and Publications under the so UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) in 1954 and evolved several times until it was elevated into a college in 1998. The College introduces and trains undergraduate and graduate pupils in procedures and constructions of communicating with accent on those that labor equity, authorization, environmental sustainability, and peace and human rights ( Communication for Social Change Consortium, 2010 ) . The College s vision and mission besides emphasize the end of sustainable development and betterment of quality of life the Philippines and other developing states.The knight bachelor of Science in Development Communication plan requires pupils to finish 148 units which include the nucleus classs of DevCom, general instruction classs ( GE ) , every bit good as proficient and societal scientific discipline electives ( CDC-U PLB, 2004 ) . Since this survey will look into the experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils, the wining subdivisions will advert the nucleus classs of the BSDC plan ( see Appendix A ) .Theoretical ModelThis survey falls under the phenomenological tradition of communicating which focuses on depicting lived experience and acknowledging the significance of our corporal, inter-subjective life-world ( Finlay, 2008 ) . Communicators influenced by this tradition take the emic position or a view from the interior in looking at the mundane life of an person ( Griffin, 2008 ) .In this survey, the construct of meaning-making, every bit good as lived and shared experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils in relation to their constructed significances of the development construct were explored. In the context of the weightier development facet in DevCom, experiences of the participants will state a batch specifically on how this construct is being emphasized in DevCom classs. S ocial constructionist theory ( besides societal constructionism ) , the hermeneutical signifier of constructivism, will be used to depict these experiences of the research worker ( heuristics ) and of the other selected participants ( hermeneutics ) .Personal Construct TheoryKelly s PCT is besides called theory of alteration ( Rix, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Neimeyer and Bridges ( 2004 ) , the focal point of personal concept theory ( PCT ) is on how persons and societal groups manoeuver and alter their positions of ego and universe. By and large, an single positions the universe through forms which he/she creates to suit their worlds. These forms are called concepts ( Kelly, 1963 ) .Kelly s thought of personal concept theory was derived in this in the beginning thought of constructive alternativism. Under this belief, adult male s buildings of world depend on how adult male will construe the events and things around him which accordingly forms his ain positions of the ego and t he universe. Kelly presupposes that adult male is a scientist the 1 who invents his ain world and trial it. Man has the duty to foretell and instruction the class of events. As cited by Carl ( 1999 ) Kelly explained the function of adult male as a scientist The scientist does non keep up his or her theoretical proposal to be judged so much in footings of whether it is the accuracy at last or non for the scientist assumes from the beginning that ultimate truth is non so readily at manus but to be judged in footings of whether his or her proposition seems to take toward and give manner to fresh propositions propositions which, in bend, possibly more true than anything else has been therefore far. variant, anticipation and response in relation to personal experiences are possible through analysis of concepts ( Mahoney & A Mahoney, 2004 ) . Kelly ( 1963 ) established the thought that concepts are pattern of the universeaerected by a life physical and so tested against the wor ld of that existence. This implies that people do non merely move in response to external universe but he/she besides has the power to construe its events and behave harmonizing to them. PCT looks at people as animals that have the capableness to form their perceptual experiences or beliefs based on repeating subjects and significances ( Neimeyer & A Bridges, 2004 ) . Therefore, it can be construed from this that people have their ain readings of worlds depending on how they see the universe from their personal positions. This is a clear representation of Mahoney s ( 1988 ) proactive knowledge which he considered to be one of the basicss of constructivism.Kelly ( 1963 ) besides introduced the construct of constructive alternativism wherein people have the power to reconstruct his/her belief systems if they no longer suit him/her. For illustration, in the instance of this survey, even though pupils have been exposed to assorted significances of the construct of development durin g their first twelvemonth as DevCom pupils which may hold helped them set up a peculiar concept of it, they can do alternative buildings based on their personal experiences. This farther explains the multiplicity of significances since the manner people construe the universe is affected by changing personal experiences.Constructivism and the Construction of ExperienceThe modern-day constructivist argument presents the affirmation between cognition as innovation and cognition as contemplation of world ( see Figure 2 ) ( Chiari & A Nuzzo, 1993 ) . This besides answers the inquiry What is existent? and Does an external world exist?Littlejohn ( 1999 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , explains that constructivism looks into human readings and actions based on classs of the head. This implies that people s procedure of making significances is done by sorting experience into classs which in bend are socially constructed and based on interaction with other people ( as cited in Cang ao, 2009 ) . Constructivism is concerned with an single interpretation his/her world this is every bit opposed to the statement that people are representation of a socially-constructed world as said by societal constructionism ( Chiari & A Nuzzo, 2004 ) .Maturana ( 1978 ) , as cited in Chiari and Nuzzo ( 1993 ) , defined world as a sphere specified by the trading operations of the perceiver. The perceiver referred to by the writer is person who can do differentiations in actions and ideas while being able to work as a separate entity from his or her environment.In order to understand how personal concepts in relation to their ain constructs of world can be interpreted, Ewen ( 1992 ) enumerated Kelly s colloraries aligned with the key Postulate The psychological procedures that comprise our disposition are of course active, and are work into customary forms by the ways in which we anticipate the hereafter ( Ewen, 1992, pp. 347 ) Question knowledge as Knowledge/realityr elationship asDoes an external world exist?INVENTION COINCIDENCE IdealismnoDoes it be independently of the perceiver? yesSPECIFICATION morphological hermeneuticno Yokeyes ConstructivismIs it possible to cognize it?Construction ADAPTATION groupas VIABILITYyesIs it a lucifer between cognition and world possible? pattern ADAPTATION trivialno as SYMMETRY criticalRealismyesREFLECTION naifFigure 2. Wayss of gestating Knowledge-Reality relationship ( Chiari & A Nuzzo, 1993 )Construction Corollary Peoples interpret events based on similarities and differences identicalness Corollary Each person has his/her ain reading of events or worldOrganization Corollary The usage of hierarchies which besides vary among persons in forming personal conceptsDichotomy Corollary Every concept has two rodsChoice Corollary The inclination to value the pole of bipolar concept that allows more immaculate anticipation of eventsRange Corollary Concepts are believed to be merely utile in annunciate limited types of eventsExperience Corollary System of building to a great extent relies on experiences and the desire to better in fortune telling eventsModulation Corollary There are concepts that limit the alteration of the system based on what is convenient to themAtomization Corollary An person can utilize the contradicting facets of personal concepts at different timesCommonality Corollary Different people can hold similar ways of interpreting thingsSociality Corollary An apprehension of how one interprets/views the universe is needed in order for a individual to associate to another individual.Boeree ( 2006 ) explained that by procedures in the cardinal posit, Kelly means that people s experiences, behaviours, perceptual experiences and emotions are non caused by a preexistent world but by the unconditioned single desire and capableness to expect or construe the universe.For this research the Experience Corollary was considered. Kelly ( 1963 ) defined experience as the procedure of how an single continuously reconstrues replicated events. The writer pointed out that experience corollary has a direct impact on our perceptual experience of learning. He noted that the credence of the phenomenon wherein a individual invariably concept or construe replicated events assumes the happening of the acquisition procedure. It can be said that the experience and Reconstruction of that experience is synonymous with larning ( Rix, 1982 ) .Social Constructionism ( hermeneutic Constructivism )Harmonizing to Burr ( 2003 ) , societal constructionism embraces the being of deep-lobed versions of world as experienced by societal existences. Self and world are said to be human buildings. However, the manner humans construe what is existent for them how they think and how they act on their ideas is besides socially constructed ( Collin, 1997 Raskin, 2002 ) . Simply put, we are societal existences who portion and see the universe with others ( Lock & A Strong, 2010 ) .For th is research, hermeneutic contructivism, specifically Gergen s societal constructionism, was applied to analyze the lived and shared experiences of selected DevCom pupils. This signifier of constructivism conceptualizes human psychological science as ensemble of societal dealingss ( Parker, 1998 ) and that there is no observer-independent world ( Raskin, 2002 ) .The analytical model used in this survey was adopted and change from Pilon s ( 2009 ) Heuristic-Hermeneutic Procedure in the Socio-cultural schooling Niches. Figure 3 shows that the procedure is collected of four phases ( 1 ) prepossession, ( 2 ) reading, ( 3 ) apprehension, and ( 4 ) account. Based on the literature, this procedure is considered participatory, experiential, and reflexive. Analytic ModelInterpretation2( Experiences in larning contexts )Understanding31PreconceptionResearch worker+OTHERS( Insight, empathy, accomplishments, knowledge )( Prior experiences, values, cognition )Explanation4( Revision, deeper understanding )Figure 3. The heuristic- hermeneutic procedure of the DevCom ExperiencePreconception was characterized by the selected senior DevCom pupils apprehension of development prior to exposure to DevCom classs. Interpretation was determined by their specific experiences in the class of their undergrad DevCom life, peculiarly the experiences refering to the accent on the weightier development facet in DevCom. Subsequently, apprehension is determined by how they acted on what they have learned in DevCom and how they developed their accomplishments and practiced critical thought. Last, account was characterized by their deeper understanding of the construct of development and their observations on how the development construct should be instilled as the much more of import constituent of DevCom.